10. Words are frequently used in an ironical manner.
Judges 10:14
Go and cry unto the gods which ye have chosen; let them deliver you in the time of your tribulation.
1 Kings 18:27; 22:15
And it came to pass at noon, that Elijah mocked them, and said, Cry aloud: for he is a god; either he is talking, or he is pursuing, or he is in a journey, or peradventure he sleepeth, and must be awaked.
Job 12:2
But I have understanding as well as you; I am not inferior to you: yea, who knoweth not such things as these?
Ecclesiastes 11:9
Rejoice, O young man, in thy youth; and let thy heart cheer thee in the days of thy youth, and walk in the ways of thine heart, and in the sight of thine eyes: but know thou, that for all these things God will bring thee into judgment.
Mark 7:9
And he said unto them, Full well ye reject the commandment of God, that ye may keep your own tradition.
1 Corinthians 4:8
Now ye are full, now ye are rich, ye have reigned as kings without us: and I would to God ye did reign, that we also might reign with you.
11. Transposition of clauses is frequently necessary to cast a sentence in contemporary English style.
Matthew 7:6
Give not that which is holy unto the dogs, neither cast ye your pearls before swine, lest they trample them under their feet, and turn again and rend you.
Mark 9:13; 11:13; 15:21; 16:3,4
But I say unto you, That Elias is indeed come, and they have done unto him whatsoever they listed, as it is written of him...And seeing fig tree afar off having leaves, he came, if haply he might find any thing thereon: and when he came to it, he found nothing but leaves; for the time of figs was not yet...And they compel one Simon of Cyrenian, who passed by, coming out of the country, the father of Alexander and Rufus, to bear his cross...And they said among themselves, Who shall roll us away the stone from the door of the sepulchre? And when they looked, they saw that the stone was rolled away: for it was very great.
Luke 4:5
And the devil, taking him up into an high mountain, shewed unto him all the kingdoms of the world in a moment of time.
Acts 4:27,28; 5:12,38,39; 28:18
For of a truth against thy holy child Jesus, whom thou hast anointed, both Herod, and Pontius Pilate, with the Gentiles, and the people of Israel, were gathered together, For to do whatsoever thy hand and thy counsel determined before to be done...And by the hands of the apostles were many signs and wonders wrought among the people; (and they were all with one accord in Solomon's porch)...And now I say unto you, Refrain from these men, and let them alone: for if this counsel or this work be of men, it will come to nought: But if it be of God, ye cannot overthrow it; lest haply ye be found even to fight against God...Who, when they had examined me, would have let me go, because there was no cause of death in me.
Revelation 13:8
And all that dwell upon the earth shall worship him, whose names are not written in the book of life of the Lamb slain from the foundation of the world.
12. Hebraisms, Latinisms, Syricacisms, etc., are frequently used.
E.g., Abba, aceldama, amen, corban, ephphatha, eloi, hallelujah, etc.; centurion, census, colony, legion, libertine, mile, praetorium, tavern, title, forum, etc.; to accept, i.e., lift up the face of any one; to have compassion, i.e., have the bowels moved for any one; flesh and blood, i.e., a human being; to confess (in, with) one; one for first, etc.
13. The same persons and places have frequently different names.
E.g., Abiathar and Ahimelech; Abiud and Meshallum; Abram and Abraham; Adah and Bashemath; Ahaziah, Azariah, and Jehoahaz; Amiel and Eliam; Azariah and Uzziah; Barachias, Jehoida, and Johanan; Barnabas and Joses; Barsabas, Joseph, and Justus; Bartholomew and Nathaniel; Caesarea, Dan, and Laish; Cephas, Peter, Simon, Simeon; Dalmanutha and Magdala; Didymus and Thomas; Elesens and Elisha; Elias and Elijah; En-Mishpat and Kadesh; Gadarenes and Gergasenes; Gideon and Jerubbaal; Hadadezar and Hadarezar; Hermon, Shenir, and Sirion; Hobab and Jethro; Horeb and Sinai; Jebus and Jerusalem; Jedidiah and Solomon; Jehoahaz, Johanan, and Shallum; Jesus and Joshua; Judah, Judas, and Jude; Lebbaeus and Thaddeus; Levi and Matthew; Lukas and Luke; Sheshbazzar and Zerubabbel; Silas and Silvanus; Timotheus and Timothy; Nebuchadnezzar is spelled seven different ways; there are also two places named Bethlehem, Cana, etc.; Three persons named Herod, and several named Abimelech, Agag, Artaxerxes, James, John, Mary, Moses, Pharaoh, Zachariah, etc.
14. The same word may have a different meaning, sometimes even in the same verse.
Matthew 8:22; 13:12
But Jesus said unto him, Follow me; and let the dead bury their dead....For whosoever hath, to him shall be given, and he shall have more abundance: but whosoever hath not, from him shall be taken away even that he hath.
1 Corinthians 10:2; 15:51
And were all baptized unto Moses in the cloud and in the sea...Behold, I shew you a mystery; We shall not all sleep, but we shall all be changed.
2 Corinthians 5:21
For he hath made him to be sin for us, who knew no sin; that we might be made the righteousness of God in him.
1 John 5:20
And we know that the Son of God is come, and hath given us an understanding, that we may know him that is true, and we are in him that is true, even in his Son Jesus Christ. This is the true God, and eternal life.
15.(a) The reference to a book or the name of its writer is frequently omitted.
Romans 9:7
Neither, because they are the seed of Abraham, are they all children: but, In Isaac shall thy seed be called. (Genesis 21:12)
Galatians 3:11,12
But that no man is justified by the law in the sight of God, it is evident: for, The just shall live by faith. And the law is not of faith: but, The man that doeth them shall live in them. (Habbakuk 2:4; Leviticus 18:5)
Hebrews 1:6; 2:6
And again, when he bringeth in the first begotten into the world, he saith, And let all the angels of God worship him...But one in a certain place testified, saying, What is man, that thou art mindful of him? or the son of man, that thou visitest him? (Deuteronomy 32:43 in the Septuagint; Psalm 8:4-6)
(b) The name of the writer is frequently put for his writings.
Luke 16:29,31; 24:27
Abraham saith unto him, They have Moses and the prophets; let them hear them...And he said unto him, If they hear not Moses and the prophets, neither will they be persuaded, though one rose from the dead...; And beginning at Moses and all the prophets, he expounded unto them in all the scriptures the things concerning himself.
Acts 15:21; 21;21
For Moses of old time hath in every city them that preach him, being read in the synagogues every sabbath day...And they are informed of thee, that thou teachest all the Jews which are among the Gentiles to forsake Moses, saying that they ought not to circumcise their children, neither to walk after the customs.
2 Corinthians 3:15
But even unto this day, when Moses is read, the veil is upon their heart.
(c) The subject treated of is frequently put for the book or writer.
Mark 2:25,26; 12:26
And he said unto them, Have ye never read what David did, when he had need, and was an hungered, he, and they that were with him? How he went into the house of God in the days of Abiathar the high priest, and did eat the shewbread, which is not lawful to eat but for the priests, and gave also to them which were with him?...And as touching the dead, that they rise: have ye not read in the book of Moses, how in the bush God spake unto him, saying, I am the God of Abraham, and the God of Isaac, and the God of Jacob? (Deuteronomy 23:25; Exodus 3:6)
Romans 11:2
God hath not cast away his people which he foreknew. Wot ye not what the scripture saith of Elias? how he maketh intercession to God against Israel, saying...(Psalm 94:14; 1 Kings 19:10)
16. A negative and an affirmative statement imply certainty.
2 Kings 18:36
But the people held their peace, and answered him not a word: for the king's commandment was, saying, Answer him not.
Psalm 118:17
I shall not die, but live, and declare the works of the Lord.
Isaiah 38:1
In those days was Hezekiah sick unto death. And Isaiah the prophet the son of Amoz came unto him, and said unto him, Thus saith the Lord, Set thine house in order: for thou shalt die, and not live.
Luke 1:20
And behold, thou shalt be dumb, and not able to speak, until the day that these things shall be performed, because thou believest not my words, which shall be fulfilled in their season.
John 1:3,20
All things were made by him; and without him was not any thing made that was made...And he confessed, and denied not; but confessed, I am not the Christ.
Romans 4:17; 9:1
(As it is written, I have made thee a father of many nations,) before him whom he believed, even God, who quickeneth the dead, and calleth those things which be not as though they were....I say the truth in Christ, I lie not, my conscience also bearing me witness in the Holy Ghost.
1 John 2:27
But the anointing which ye have received of him abideth in you, and ye need not that any man teach you: but as the same anointing teacheth you of all things, and is truth, and is no lie, and even as it hath taught you, ye shall abide in him.
17. The repetition of a word denotes the superlative degree.
Genesis 9:25
And he said, Cursed be Canaan; a servant of servants shall he be unto his brethren.
Deuteronomy 10:17
For the Lord you God is a God of gods, and Lord of lords, a great God, a mighty, and a terrible, which regardeth not persons, nor taketh reward.
1 Samuel 2:3
There is none holy as the Lord: for there is none beside thee: neither is there any rock like our God.
2 Kings 10:15
And when he was departed thence, he lighted on Jehonadab the son of Rechab coming to meet him: and he saluted him, and said to him, Is thine heart right, as my heart is with thy heart? And Jehonadab answered, It is. If it be, give me thine hand. And he gave him his hand; and he took him up to him into the chariot.
Psalm 79:13
So we thy people and sheep of thy pasture will give thee thanks for ever: we will shew forth thy praise to all generations.
Ecclesiastes 1:2; 7:24
Vanity of vanities, saith the Preacher, vanity of vanities; all is vanity....That which is far off, and exceeding deep, who can find it out?
Isaiah 6:3
And one cried unto another, and said, Holy, holy, holy, is the Lord of hosts: the whole earth is full of his glory.
Micah 2:4
In that day shall one take up a parable against you, and lament with a doleful lamentation...
18. Some words (nouns, pronouns, verbs, etc.,) are expletive (i.e., having the force of an oath or affirmation). E.g., account, begin, find, seem, etc.
Matthew 3:9; 20:25
And think not to say within yourselves, We have Abraham to our father: for I say unto you, that God is able of these stones to raise up children unto Abraham....
Mark 10:43
But so shall it not be among you; but whosoever will be great among you, shall be your minister.
Luke 3:8; 22:26
Bring forth therefore fruits worthy of repentance, and begin not to say within yourselves, We have Abraham to our father: for I say unto you, That God is able of these stones to raise up children unto Abraham....But ye shall not be so: but he that is greatest among you, let him be as the younger; and he that is chief, as he that doth serve.
John 5:35; 7:16
And Jesus said unto them, I am the bread of life: he that cometh to me shall never hunger; and he that believeth on me shall never thirst....Jesus answered them, and said, My doctrine is not mine, but his that sent me.
Acts 11:15
And as I began to speak, the Holy Ghost fell on them, as on us at the beginning.
Romans 5:7
For scarcely for a righteous man will one die: yet peradventure for a good man some would even dare to die.
1 Corinthians 3:18; 7:40; 10:12; 11:16; 14:37
Let no man deceive himself. If any man among you seemeth to be wise in this world, let him become a fool, that he may be wise....But she is happier if she so abide, after my judgment: and I think also that I have the Spirit of God....Wherefore let him that thinketh he standeth take heed lest he fall....But if any man seem to be contentious, we have no such custom neither the churches of God....If any man think himself to be a prophet, or spiritual, let him acknowledge that the things that I write unto you are the commandments of the Lord.
Phillipians 3:4
Though I might also have confidence in the flesh. If any other man thinketh that he hath whereof he might trust in the flesh, I more.
Hebrews 4:1; 12:11
Let us therefore fear, lest, a promise being left us of entering into his rest, any of you should seem to come short of it....Now no chastening for the present seemeth to be joyous, but grievous: nevertheless afterward it yieldeth the peaceable fruit of rightousness unto them which are exercised thereby.
19. The denial of the act frequently implies denial of the power of acting.
Genesis 13:6
And the land was not able to bear them, that they might dwell together: for their substance was great, so that they could not dwell together.
Isaiah 43:13
Yea, before the day was I am he; and there is none that can deliver out of my hand: I will work, and who shall let it?
Matthew 12:25 (cf. Mark 3:23); 17:21 (cf. Mark 9:29)
And Jesus knew their thoughts, and said unto them, Every kingdom divided against itself is brought to desolation; and every city or house divided against itself shall not stand....Howbeit this kind goeth not out but by prayer and fasting.
Romans 9:19
Thou wilt say then unto me, Why doth he yet find fault? For who hath resisted his will?
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