English Machine Translation of http://seminaria.bel.ru/PAGES/MO/text/MO7_2001/MO7_ST_4.HTM via http://www.online-translator.com/srvurl.asp?lang=en Archimandrite AVGUSTIN (Nikitin) RUSSIA AND CHINA: BECOMING OF ATTITUDES (the Beijing Spiritual mission in XVIII century) (the termination, started see in ? 6, 2001 g.) IV Beijing missions (1745-1755). Archimandrite Gervasy (Lintsevsky) 1745 is the certain boundary separating the first period of activity of the Beijing Spiritual mission from subsequent. From now on there were changes in diplomatic and trade relations of Russia to China, since same time the equipment of Russian trading caravans to China has stopped more than for 100 years. In history of the Beijing mission the second period is connected to the beginning of scientific activity which its members to combine began successfully with diplomatic. (51) After premature demise of archimandrite Ilariona (Trusova) (+1741) it was necessary to select the new chief of the Beijing mission. How there was a selection of a nominee, it is informed in notes of archimandrite Sofronija (Gribovskogo). It writes that St.. Synod " with great racheniem started to choose the worthy husband in pejdzinskogo the archimandrite practising in philosophy and divinity. Kievo-Pecherskoj Laurels archimandrite Timothy was then in Moscow why from the Most holy Synod the decree, koim poveleno is sent in Pecherskuju to his Laurels, Timothy of archimandrite, to the deputy with cathedral, having chosen in the Sofia consistory worthy in pejdzinskogo archimandrite of candidates to present the Synod ". (52) To archbishop Kiev Rafailu (Zaborovskomu) also was poveleno to take part in a choice of the new chief of mission, (53), and it was recommended to encourage elite, " that they any sumnenija and had no reflection: for though this Asian state and the further is and all will consist almost in idololatorstve (idolatry - avt.), obache people local as St.. Synod knows, rather mild and pleasant and manner fair, and is more, that word Bozhie is preached tamo freely, without any fear and prohibition. And to propovedajushchim word Bozhie both khan, and his ministers treat with respect preizrjadnoe ". (54) By the candidate the former rector and prior Spasskogo has originally been planned for a post of the chief of IV Beijing mission uchilishchnogo a monastery in Moscow archimandrite Platon (Levitsky) who lived at that time in the Kiev diocese. (55) But soon it has refused this post through illness and then from 7 nominees submitted to consideration, the preference has been given to the deputy Kiev Zlatoverhogo a monastery about. Gervasiju (Lintsevskomu). (56) Before the election about. Gervasy was " the teacher sintaksimy and poetry " in the Kiev Spiritual Academy; then about 7 years deputy Zlatoverhogo of a monastery. On March, 15, 1742 the decree of St.. Synod about structure of IV Beijing mission has been issued. Under supervision of archimandrite Gervasija have acted: ieromonah Ioil (Vrublevsky) (from the same Zlatoverhogo a monastery), ieromonah Feodosy (Smorzhevsky) (from the Kievo-Sofia monastery), Alexey Smolnitsky (kelejnik about. Gervasija, subsequently - prichetnik), Matfej Storozhenko (attendant), Evfimy Sahnovsky (pupil), and also a little "velikorossov". (57) From St.. Synod to the chief of mission it was offered " in every possible way tshchatisja to training to itself of a local Chinese dialect ". (58) It has been connected to the requirement to raise missionary activity as in former years on this field there were modest results. Before mission the problem was put, " that its members in Beijing were trained neotmenno in verbalization with local peoples for the best in the sermon of a way ". (59) With same purpose has been solved to add missijskuju library; to Beijing many books, including the composition of metropolitan Stefana (Yavorsky) " About coming the antiChrist " have been sent. (60) Mission has arrived to Irkutsk on October, 12, 1743. Here archimandrite Gervasy has received many manuals and advice from prelate Innokentija (Nerunovicha) (1732-1747); subsequently it was in submission at his successor - bishop Ioasafa (Hotuntsevskogo) (1748-1753). In the beginning of 1745 the caravan with members of mission was ready to travel to China. The chief above a caravan had been put G.K.Libratovsky who in the chapter "travelling" has gone from Irkutsk to Beijing. Here that archimandrite Sofrony (Gribovsky) writes about it: " Gerasim Kirillovich Libratovsky came malorossijskogo from the city of Kozeltsa, is taken to Moscow by the chorister.., and ottudu has gone with preosvjashchennym Innokentiem in Pejdzin among choristers ". (61) As is known, bishop Innokenty (Kulchitsky) to China has not been admitted, and Gerasim Libratovsky subsequently has consisted at it in Irkutsk, becoming " all arhierejskih an ancestral lands the manager " before arrival of new bishop - Innokentija (Nerunovicha). (62) After a long and difficult way members of mission arrived to Beijing; on November, 27, 1745 they have met the compatriots expecting replacement. As well as in former arrivals, honours have been rendered to members of mission: " the group the soldier with the dismissed banner has been placed on towers where copper basins and wooden bubny " rattled. (63) IV mission led by archimandrite Gervasiem has stayed in Beijing 10 years (1745-1755). The chief of this mission used the big respect among Chinese for the virtuous life. The historian of mission about. Sofrony so responds about one of the predecessors: " After the arrival in Pejdzin archimandrite Gervasy tried to get acquainted with local jesuits in what, poeliku has arrived sufficient well and was in time. Behaved in Pejdzine soberly and constantly, is skilful to give and receive mutual gifts ". (64) To 1745 to Beijing has arrived ierodiakon Irkutsk arhierejskogo houses Nikon (Krasovsky). It has been sent here for a spelling of iconostasis Sretenskoj of church; having ended the work, about. Nikon has left back to Irkutsk. Members of IV Beijing mission appeared more capable to training, rather than their predecessors. Some of them have so well known the Chinese language, that subsequently served as translators. This was promoted also by that 13 more October, 1742. St.. Synod was postanovleno: " To give archimandrite Gervasiju brought in Russia with Antoniem Platkovskim the Chinese lexicon with translation into the latin dialect, the started grammar into 14 sheets, in poldest, yes vocables on Russian alfabetu ". (65) Fast mastering colloquial Chinese language was so obvious, that has given the basis to St.. Synod " to permit consisting in Beijing ieromonaham to accept orthodox people on a confession ". (66) Chinese even offered members of IV mission " scientific posts ": astronomers, physicists, mathematicians, musicians, doctors. But orthodox missionaries abstained from flatter offers, avoiding to incur duties unusual for them. And still it is necessary to mention one aspect of missionary activity in connection with the review of activity of IV Beijing mission. " On the education at southern-Russian schools, orthodox missionaries of this period should approach with the Catholics, old residents being in Beijing in comparison with Russian, - writes ieromonah Nikolai (Adoratsky). - External influence of Catholics should lead to loan from them and translations of Christian books into the Chinese language, as that: fragments from books of the Scriptus and treatises of the religious-moral maintenance. For an example it is possible to specify work of Portuguese missionary E.Diatsa which has transferred in 1636 to the Chinese language evangelical has conceived on Sunday and holidays (Shen-tszin-chzhi-tszjao). This book reprinted in 1739, has liked Russian missionaries who, probably, since this period began to use her for an explanation evangely the pasomym ". (67) Among members of mission with the erudition it was allocated ieromonah Feodosy (Smorzhevsky). Being still ierodiakonom the Kievo-Sofia monastery, about. Feodosy taught in the Kiev Spiritual Academy; in ieromonahi it has been imposed in Moscow, before departure to Beijing. It is interesting, that it would not like to go to China and in the application from December, 12, 1742 it addressed in St.. Synod to dismiss it from such duty. But on this request the decision from January, 17, 1743 has followed: to make it in ieromonahi and " to send to Beijing undoubtedly ". (68) Ieromonahu Feodosiya honour to be the first author of history of the Beijing Spiritual mission belongs; in due time known orientalist E.F.Timkovsky so has responded about this work: " the Note about. Smorzhevskogo in many respects curious, proving works and wit of this chernoriztsa, in the autographic original are stored in library of the Beijing mission ". (69) This manuscript was stored in archive of the Beijing mission till 1840th, but subsequently she has been taken out from China by one of members XI or XII missions and since then was in private hands. Extracts from this work have been published in N.I.Veselovskogo's edition " Materials for history of the Russian Spiritual mission in China " (SPb., 1905, vyp. I, with. 65-71). At the end of the composition the hand of the author makes record: " This work I guilty ieromonah Feodosy Smorzhevsky, 1751, genvarja have terminated 22 numbers in 36 summer from the birth ". (70) Other research about. Feodosiya - " About jesuits in China " it has been printed in 1822 on pages of magazine " Siberian bulletin ". This treatise consisting of 100 paragraphs, was issued due to E.F.Timkovskomu who has casually received the manuscript about. Feodosiya in Irkutsk in 1820, before departure to Beijing. Written by " a high calm ", this composition will consist of two parts: " Division the first " is entitled: " Under what kind vpushchajutsja ezuity to China what have there institutions and in what practise ". (71) " Division the second ": " As ezuitam it is successful to eat the Chinese reference ". (72) In 1755 10 years from an arrival time of IV Beijing mission to China were executed. By this time some members of mission have already died; among them - ieromonah Ioil (Vrublevsky), former naselnik Kiev Zlatoverhogo a monastery (on April, +21, 1747). By 1755 from structure of IV mission remained in alive: archimandrite Gervasy, ieromonah Feodosy and Alexey Smolnitsky. (73) After homecoming their destiny have developed differently. O.Feodosy (Smorzhevsky) has been erected in a dignity of archimandrite and became the prior in Spaso-Sevskom a monastery where soon and has died (+1758). As if to the chief of IV mission after the arrival to Petersburg archimandrite Gervasy has been erected in bishop Perejaslavskogo. It rukopolozhenie has taken place on July, 27, 1757 in Petropavlovsk a cathedral. In history of Russian Orthodox Church it has left about itself(himself) kind memory as the zealous pastor. It has died in Kiev on December, 22, 1769. (74.) V the Beijing mission (1755-1771). Archimandrite Amvrosy (Jumatov) As against the previous missions headed by the Ukrainian archimandrites, chief V of mission for the first time has been appointed "velikoross" - about. Amvrosy (Jumatov). To tell the truth, this was preceded with usual procedure: on March, 8, 1753. St.. Synod has made the decision: " To consult with the Kiev metropolitan Timothy about the persons, trained to latin enough dialect from hegumens or from ieromonahov, for dedication in archimandrite and departure to Beijing with two ieromonahami and one ierodiakonom, lives fair, constant and not suspicious ". (75) But soon, on March, 18 the same year, the Synod decree where for the first time it was recommended to appoint the chief of mission velikorossa has been issued. A muscovite on a birth (r. 1717), about. Amvrosy (Jumatov) taught piitiku in Slavjano-greko-latinskoj Academies. When it has been erected in archimandrite and began to select to itself assistants all 14 person included in structure of the next mission, were Russian including students of the Kazan Theological seminary and Moscow Slavjano-greko-rimskoj Academies. On August, 24, 1753 travellers have left Moscow; on November, 24 they arrived to Tobolsk where they were hospitably met by metropolitan Siberian Silvestr (Glavatsky) which has received visitors on " the kosht ". On February, 28, 1754, having arrived in Irkutsk, they have been accepted by bishop Sofroniem (Kristalevskim) (1753-1774), the native of the Poltava province. To Beijing members of mission of the profit on December, 23, 1754 In China the chief of new mission has continued katihizatorskuju activity of the predecessors. It has opened school in which students of mission taught Chinese Russian in Beijing, and were trained Chinese. According to his biographer, " in 17-years stay in Beijing archimandrite Amvrosija, was kreshcheno 220 Chinese and manchzhur ". (76) Besides according to the same author, about. Amvrosy " has brought considerable advantage of Russia participation in the sanction of diplomatic questions ". (77) Archimandrite Amvrosy has died on July, 1, 1771, on 54 year from a birth, 4 months prior to arrival to Beijing next VI mission. VI Beijing mission (1771-1781). Archimandrite Nikolai (Tsvet) Stay V of mission in China was tightened; she was in Beijing on 6 with superfluous years longer, than previous. But in 1767, on August, 27, the decree of St.. Synod about purpose in chiefs of VI mission of the teacher of German and French of languages has followed at seminary to the Trinity - Sergievoj Laurels ierodiakona Nikolai (Tsvet), it come ukraintsa. It have devoted in ieromonaha on August, 29 in Moscow, and on September, 8 it has been erected in a dignity of archimandrite. After that the chief of new mission began selection of assistants from trip to China; basically it were ukraintsy. In the official report from October, 8 archimandrite Nikolai asked to include in structure of mission of the following persons: Novospasskogo a monastery ieromonaha Iusta, the Don monastery ierodiakonov Ioannikija and Nikifora Kalenovskogo, and also Simeon Tsveta and Simeon Kilevskogo, " from petty-bourgeois children of city of Kiev ", - in quality psalomshchikov. (78) Ierodiakon Ioanniky has been devoted in ieromonaha but while there were gathering and correspondence with Beijing, it has died. (79) Besides during travel to China it was found out, that two psalomshchikov, taken of Kiev, appeared unable to service, and Irkutsk sextons have been appointed to their place - Ivan Grebeshkov and Peter Rodionov. (80) On former practice new mission should remain in submission of the Irkutsk bishop which then was preosvjashchennyj Sofrony (Kristalevsky). (After death of lord Sofronija (+ 1774) his body was kept imperishable and at a tomb miracles of healing) began to be made. On November, 8, 1771 members of mission arrived to Beijing where, having replaced the predecessors, have continued their works on field Hristovoj. As informed itself about. Nikolai, after the arrival to Beijing it has updated much: " corrected decay and again something has done ". (81) But results of his missionary activity were rather modest: for the 10-years period it has christened only 24 persons oboego a floor. This small activity spoke the different reasons; according to one of istoriografov the Beijing mission, " deprived independence and freedom of the action, put under trusteeship of the church authority removed on thousand of miles, forced to live and operate not only among the extremely adverse local conditions, but also under a vigilant eye of obvious enemies, she developed very slowly ". (82) After expiry of the term of stay in China, on May, 13, 1782 archimandrite Nikolai has left Beijing; it has arrived to Moscow to the beginning of 1783. From here, on a vow about. Nikolai has gone in Kievo-Pecherskuju to Laurels on bogomole. Here it has been appointed by prior Kirillov (Kiev) monastery where has died on October, 23, 1784 (83) VII Beijing mission (1781-1794). Archimandrite Ioakim (Shishkovsky) VI mission has stayed in China 10 years, but one year prior to the expiration of this term began selection of structure of following, VII Beijing mission. Definition of St.. Synod on February, 17/21 has followed: the chief of VII mission to appoint ieromonaha Petersburg Aleksandro-Neva monastery Ioakima (Shishkovskogo). The son of the priest, the future missionary, was born about 1750 in with. The five-mountaineer Volynsk poveta. Since 1767 it was trained in the Kiev Spiritual Academy, but then, at transition in senior, " the philosophical class ", it has gone to S.Peterburg where has acted in the Aleksandro-Neva monastery and has been imposed in ieromonaha. After purpose about. Ioakima it on March, 8, 1780 has been erected by the chief of mission in a dignity of archimandrite Beijing Sretenskogo a monastery. Then, under the decision of the Synod from March, 23/31, 1780 about. Ioakim has been sent to Moscow for preparation of mission through the Moscow Synod office. The nearest employee about. Ioakima became ieromonah Antony (Sedelnikov), naselnik the Moscow Don monastery. Simeon Nikolaev Sokolovsky has been appointed to one of tserkovnosluzhitelskih posts, the city of Novgorod - Severskogo, starodubskogo a shelf, the Novgorod hundred, the son of cossack Nikolai Sokolovsky " ". (84) Mission has arrived to Irkutsk on January, 5, 1781 Bishop Irkutsk and Nerchinsky Michael (Mitkevich) (1772-1789) has supplied mission over the world and to two antiminsami then travellers have gone to China. But in a heat of summer they had to interrupt the way " behind an exhaustion of cattle and come years zharami ". So mission has arrived to Beijing only on November, 2, 1781. By this time under spiritual care of mission was " 30 person muzheska a floor and 4 - zhenska ". From their number 25 there were descendants albazintsev, the others - kreshchenye Chinese from the villages nearest to Beijing. (85) Even before departure of mission to China to the chief of mission in Board Foreign has put the instruction has been handed; in it it was recommended not only to support Orthodoxy among albazintsev, but also to deliver data on intentions and actions of Chinese. (86) But about. Ioakim did not give special value to this not peculiar to direct problems of mission, the instruction. Data on China were scooped only from the Beijing newspaper and from the jesuits visiting the chief of mission. (87) But it does not mean, that the level of knowledge of the Chinese language at members of mission was low, - opposite, not time caused pupils of mission in a country imperial palace for translation of foreign documents. (88) In 1794 archimandrite Ioakim has made detailed inventory Sretenskoj and Nikolskoj churches. (According to the inventory, in Nikolskoj churches, among other, there was icon Bozhiej of Mother Chernigov). (89) This document contains interesting data on position of mission at the end of XVIII century. The inventory will consist of 59 sheets; the catalogue enclosed to it, specifies full maintenance of mission with prayer books. (90) Among church books there was an interesting hand-written musical collection of the Kiev tunes with shifted on notes " History Ioasafa of tsarevitch and his teacher Varlaama ". (91) Besides in structure of library books were Explanatory Psaltir the Kiev seal, 1740; Pravilnik the Kiev seal, 1739; " the Alphabet spiritual " the Kiev seal, 1747, etc. (92) In the inventory losses were marked also; so for 1794 in library lacked Akafistnika the Kiev seal of 1706 and other printed and hand-written books, including - " Hand-written divinity ". (93) In the same 1794 archimandrite Ioakim has directed the application to St.. Synod to withdraw it from Beijing. The request of the chief of mission was uvazhena, and on May, 21, 1795 it has left from Beijing accompanied by members of mission. (94) Conditions of travel were hard, archimandrite Ioakim went on the mule and by the evening travellers arrived to the city of Jujlin located " at the third station from Beijing ". Here they have settled down on rest and, appear, foretold nothing troubles. But on May, 23 in 11 o'clock in the morning archimandrite Ioakim has been found in the bed dead. The doctor-Chinese invited for survey of the deceased, has put the foggy diagnosis: it has defined " internal illness ". After that a body about. Ioakima was pogrebeno at a city wall " from the western party, to the right from proezzhej roads, on a raised place ". During stay in Beijing VII missions 100 years since that day when captured albazintsy have been delivered in capital of China (1685-1785) were executed. For all these years the modest center of Orthodoxy in Celestial empire did not die away due to activity of orthodox missionaries. " They it is feasible sosluzhili the service of Church and to fatherland and though have not left after itself oustanding traces of the missionary activity in the mass or universal reference of asians, but also their modest merit should be pomjanuta a grateful word of the historian ", (95) - bishop Ryazan and Zarajsky Melety wrote. And in 1800 in history of the Beijing mission there was one more significant event - hundred years before, on June, 18, 1700 Peter I has issued the well-known decree which has begun the Beijing mission. It has enjoined patriarch Adrianu " to write to the Kiev metropolitan (Varlaamu (Yasinsky) - avt.) that it has looked in malorossijskih the area cities and monasteries from archimandrites and hegumens or others well-known inokov kind and scientific and good life of the person which could in China and in Siberia in blindness idolosluzhenija and in other neverstvijah impenitent the person to result in knowledge and service of the true Alive God... " But this anniversary was came already for the period of stay in China VIII Beijing mission (1794-1807) under command of archimandrite Sofronija (Gribovskogo) who by the right is considered one of the first Ukrainian kitaevedov. NOTES: 51) Nikolai (Adoratsky), ierom. About sources of history of the Beijing Spiritual mission during the first and second periods of its activity. " The orthodox interlocutor ", 1888, ? 1, with. 155-156. 52) Sofrony (Gribovsky), arhim. The notice on the beginning of life.., with. 24. 53) About the beginning of the trading and state relations of Russia with China and about Spiritual mission in Beijing. " The Siberian bulletin ", 1822, ch. 19, SPb., 1822, with. 166. 54) Nikolai (Adoratsky), ierom. History.., with. 169. 55) In the same place, with. 169. 56) Korostovets I.Russkaja Spiritual mission in Beijing. " Russian archive ", 1893, kn. III, with. 61. 57) Brief history.., with. 43. 58) In the same place, with. 44. 59) Nikolai (Adoratsky), ierom. History.., with. 185. 60) Brief history.., with. 44. 61) Sofrony (Gribovsky), arhim. The notice on the beginning of life.., with. 24. 62) In the same place, with. 25. 63) Nikolai (Adoratsky), ierom. History.., with. 181. 64) Sofrony (Gribovsky), arhim. The notice.., with. 26. 65) Nikolai (Adoratsky), ierom. History.., with. 188. 66) Brief history.., with. 46 (meant albazintsy and few orthodox Chinese (avt.)). 67) Nikolai (Adoratsky), ierom. History.., with 190-191. 68) In the same place, with. 172. 69) Timkovsky E.F.travel to China. SPb., 1824, ch. II, with. 29. 70) TSit. On: Brief history.., with. 48. 71) " the Siberian bulletin ", 1822, ch. 19, with. 169-252. 72) the Decree. soch. CH. 20, with. 253-324. 73) Brief history.., with. 49. 74) In the same place, with. 49. 75) Nikolai (Adoratsky), ierom. History.., with. 199. 76) Brief history.., with. 54. 77) In the same place, with. 56. 78) In the same place, with. 59. 79) In the same place, with. 60. 80) In the same place, with. 61. 81) In the same place, with. 61. 82) Smirnov E.K.sketch of historical development and a modern condition of Russian Orthodox mission, SPb., 1904, with. 83-84. 83) Brief history.., with. 62. 84) In the same place, with. 63-64. 85) In the same place, with. 74. 86) It is published in: Sofrony (Gribovsky), arhim. The notice on the beginning of life of Russians in Pejdzine. 87) Brief history.., with. 66. 88) In the same place, with. 65. 89) Nikolai (Adoratsky), ierom. History.., with. 297. 90) Brief history.., with 65. 91) Nikolai (Adoratsky), ierom. History.., with. 175. 92) In the same place, with. 204, primech. 1. 93) In the same place, with. 291. 94) the Russian biographic dictionary. T. 8. SPb., 1892, with. 178. 95) Melety, bishop Ryazan and Zarajsky. Orthodoxy and the device church has put in Daurii.., with. 101.